{"id":14046,"date":"2021-01-02T15:44:38","date_gmt":"2021-01-02T14:44:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cmtc.nl\/pedia\/genetics\/cmtc-en-genetische-mutaties\/"},"modified":"2025-12-07T15:14:06","modified_gmt":"2025-12-07T14:14:06","slug":"cmtc-and-genetic-mutations","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cmtc.nl\/en\/pedia\/diagnosis\/cmtc-and-genetic-mutations\/","title":{"rendered":"CMTC and genetic mutations"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/h2>\n

In this era there is growing interest in rare diseases and more investigations are focused on their molecular background. By advanced molecular techniques and global sharing of specialistic knowledge and clinical data, an immense collection of genetic irregularities has been elucidated in association with human disease. Molecular knowledge can be helpful in further classifying and diagnosing diseases, especially rare phenomena.
\nConcerning genetics, DNA molecules with their substantiating nucleotides are the building stones of chromosomes and deliver the basis for cellular function. A better understanding of rare diseases like CMTC (Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congenita) by comparison of DNA sequences seems to be within arm\u2019s reach. However, still, a complex puzzle has to be solved before patients concerned can take the advantages of those investments.<\/p>\n

Purpose of this article is to make clear what recent developments in genetic research mean in the light of disturbances in cellular function. The scientific article of Jordan M (ref. 1) is taken as a starting point because herein corresponding DNA mutations are highlighted within the chromosomes of patients, most of whom show aberrant skin phenomena combined with under- or overgrowth features as is seen in CMTC too. A summary of this article can be found elsewhere on the CMTC-website (ref. 2). In short, the key protein which appeared to be mutated in all of the cases analysed is the G\u03b1 protein, which is part of a trimeric GPCR (G protein-coupled receptors). The subunits \u03b2 and \u03b3 remain out of scope here.
\nAbove the genetics, diverse signalling pathways are considered here which could be disturbed by such DNA mutations. Signalling via a molecular cascade (like a domino) is the way by which processes within the cell are communicated and controlled. Primary and secondary messengers play an important role as intermediate molecules. The environment of cells is changing continuously, therefore receptors are located at the outer side of the cellular membrane with the function of a kind of sensor, in order to trigger signal transduction when necessary. A pathway can end up in the nucleus of a cell, where it influences the production machinery of newly build proteins or interact with other pathways or molecules to be activated.
\nThis insight within the cell mainly illustrates the complexity of molecular mechanisms. This can be a small step in the direction of understanding a rare disease with phenomena as shown in patients with CMTC.<\/p>\n

Definition CMTC<\/h2>\n

CMTC is not a clearly delineated syndrome and can overlap with other, related syndromes, like Sturge-Weber syndrome or Adams-Oliver syndrome (ref. 3). Another disorder which shows overlapping symptoms with CMTC is Cutis Marmorata (CM), being a broader occurring phenomenon which is not diagnostic (ref. 3).
\nFurthermore, the diversity of this skin-related syndrome becomes clear when a Google search is performed in order to find out what the phenomena you may encounter look like. In short, for the description of CMTC phrases are used like \u2018marbled-looking skin\u2019, or \u2018fixed patches of mottled skin\u2019, or \u2018discolored patches of skin caused by widened surface blood vessels\u2019, or \u2018reticular vascular skin pattern\u2019, or \u2018distribution of skin lesions\u2019 and so on. Besides, musculoskeletal anomalies resulting in body asymmetry together with other phenomena are characteristic for this rare syndrome (ref. 4).
\nSince a few years a subcategory of macrocephaly-capillary malformation (M-CM) can be distinguished from CMTC as another syndrome but likewise potentially resulting from a genetic mosaicism (ref. 3). In a mosaicism only part of the cells constituting a tissue – like skin \u2013 is affected while the other part is not. In short a simplified explanation of CMTC in the context of genetic mosaicism could be as follows (outlined box).<\/p>\n

As CMTC is a sporadically occurring, thus rare congenital disorder it is thought that during early embryonic development a postzygotic (so-called \u2018de novo\u2019) mutation occurs within the genome that influences subsequent cellular function. From that point on, during the following growing phase new cells are generated from this particular cell by cellular division. Thus chromosomes are copied and taken over, including the DNA mutation. Thus, the mosaic pattern can arise that is obvious in the newborn\u2019s skin (showing actually the underlying vascular defects (ref. 2). Also other defects can have arisen from this DNA mutation and in turn more than a single mutation may be involved.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In short, the manifestations of CMTC, belonging to the diverse group of vascular anomalies, are complex, with varying tissues being affected. This could explain the diversity of descriptions of the syndrome and reclassification in the past few years, having consequences for the nomenclature too. Moreover, abbreviations used in some cases can be more confusing than clarifying.
\nSwitching from the phenotypical perspective to the yet unexplored area of genotypes could help in strengthening the diagnosis of patients and acquiring insight in the basis of cellular mechanisms being involved in this kind of syndrome.<\/p>\n

Variance in genotypes<\/h2>\n

In the last decennium research activities using ‘next generation sequencing’ (NGS) have led to DNA mutations which are typically found in the affected tissue(s) of patients with rare, skin-related syndromes. No mutations are associated with CMTC in particular yet.
\nA recent study described by Jordan et al. in 2019 focused on cases with \u2018undiagnosed cutaneous anomalies\u2019. Twelve out of the 32 cases demonstrating capillary malformations showed a Cutis Marmorata- (CM-) type of skin anomaly.
\nThe researchers studied two genes, the G\u03b111 and the G\u03b1Q gene, both coding for another subtype of G protein \u03b1. They have found that the cases with a CM-type were significantly associated with a mutation within its occupant G\u03b111 gene.
\nLikewise, the ipsilateral hypotrophy phenomenon was associated with a G\u03b111 mutation. Moreover, in all but one cases the mutation concerned the amino acid arginine (Arg) at position 183 within the protein sequence, either in G\u03b111 (Arg183Cys or Arg183His or Gln209His) or in G\u03b1Q (Arg183Gln; Table 1).
\nPerformance of this study was referred to as \u2018reversed genotyping\u2019, pointing to an attempt of assigning genotypic characters to phenotypic phenomena within the cases investigated. In each of the cases, unaffected tissue was used as an internal control.<\/p>\n

Summarizing:
\n(1) Jordan distinguished two groups of cases, according to their respective G\u03b111- or G\u03b1Q mutation.<\/p>\n

(2) The CM-type of skin anomaly was associated with G\u03b111. On the contrary, Sturge-Weber type of disorders was not associated with either G\u03b111- or G\u03b1Q mutations. G11 and Gq are related proteins both belonging to the Gq class of G proteins (ref. 4).<\/p>\n

(3) From these results arginine can be assumed to play an important role in their function as primary messenger molecule concerned with GPCR binding.<\/p>\n

(4) The internal control tissue lacking the specific DNA mutation within their corresponding cells is in accordance with the concept of genetic mosaicism<\/p>\n

Table 1 – Results of DNA mutations found in cases with Cutis Marmorata (CM) (ref. 1). GNA11, G\u03b111; GNAQ, G\u03b1Q.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Amino acid affected by mutation<\/th>\nNumber of cases<\/th>\nG protein<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Arg183Cys<\/td>\n7<\/td>\nGNA11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Arg183His<\/td>\n1<\/td>\nGNA11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gln209His<\/td>\n1<\/td>\nGNA11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Arg183Gln<\/td>\n3<\/td>\nGNAq<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

As Cutis Marmorata is considered as a symptom instead of a syndrome (ref. 3), extended research has to make clear if this kind of DNA mutations in G\u03b111 will show up in CMTC lesions too.
\nThe marbled skin predominantly characterizing CMTC, with telangiectasia only applying to a minority of patients, strengthens this hypothesis. Greene et al. already suggested alterations affecting the MEK pathway (including GPCR, the G protein-coupled receptor) in capillary malformations (ref. 5). Only the gene ARL6IP6 is known in relation to specific CMTC cases (ref. 4).<\/p>\n

An association with G\u03b1Q mutation has been found earlier in the Sturge-Weber syndrome. In the Adams-Oliver syndrome on the other hand mutations in ARHGAP31 (a monomeric type of G-protein) are recognized as also in 5 additional genes that can account for this syndrome Ref. 4,6).<\/p>\n

In contrast to mutations in the PIK3CA spectrum (as in the related Klippel-Trenauney syndrome), mutations in the G\u03b1Q\/11 spectrum of G proteins are known to account for more diffuse syndromes (ref. 5). Nevertheless, also capillary malformations as in CMTC are affiliated under an umbrella, bearing the \u201cG-protein receptor\u201d mutations and named as \u201cGNA-vascular anomaly\u201d (GNAVAS) (ref. 5). With the closely related G\u03b1Q\/11\/14 genes currently being the main contributors.<\/p>\n

Signaling pathways involved<\/h2>\n

A cell is provided with several kinds of receptors, among which the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), by which it can communicate with and adapt to environmental changes. GPCRs are located across the cellular membrane and can be triggered by a ligand binding at the outside. In response, a signal is sent to the inner side of the receptor, where it can subsequently bind and activate the primary effector molecule, here the G protein \u03b1* (Figure 1; \u03b1GTP in green). At the end of the pathway, when the signal is transduced, calcium (Ca2+<\/sup>) is released and protein kinases** C and D (PKC,D) are activated, subsequently phosphorylating and thus activating RAF and other proteins.
\nBy this, several physiological processes within the cell are regulated, especially of relevance during embryonic development.<\/p>\n

* The cascade is initiated by the action of the G protein \u03b1 which in turn activates phospholipase C-\u03b2 (PLC-\u03b2, a lipid cleaving enzyme) to activate the second messengers DAG and IP3, influencing several functions within the cell.
\n** Many activation steps constituting a cascade are effected by the phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 1 – Signaling pathways of IP3 and DAG generation (ref. 7)<\/p>\n

Besides the cleavage of PIP2, G\u03b1 can also activate the PI3K pathway, at the end of the phosphorylation cascade resulting in MAPK activation. This is an example of the crosstalk between different cellular pathways initiated after ligand binding to GPCR (Figure 2).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 2 – PI3K stimulation of cell growth. PI3K, phosphoinositol-3-kinase; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; RTK, tyrosine kinase receptor (ref. 8).<\/p>\n

Conclusions<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. In the study of Jordan et al. (2019), mutations in GNA11 (a type of G protein \u03b1) are significantly associated with specific cases of capillary malformations, indicated with cutis marmorata symptoms. A similar association with Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congenita (CMTC) syndrome cannot be excluded, although there is no indication that this syndrome was represented in this study.<\/li>\n
  2. An important pathway activated by GNA11 is the IP3\/DAG-pathway, potentially in crosstalk with the PI3K-pathway. Processes within the cell concerning cell differentiation, growth and other crucial functions can thus be influenced by mutations affecting a primary messenger such as G\u03b1.<\/li>\n
  3. Mutations can bring about gain or loss of function in the protein(s) affected. If the function gets lost, crucial cellular processes can be blocked or diminished from the moment of the DNA mutation onwards. When the mutation is postzygotic, the cells formed afterwards may be affected too.<\/li>\n
  4. The effect of a mutation depends on the context of a tissue, the surrounding factors influencing the cell just as the time of occurrence of the mutation can be of relevance.<\/li>\n
  5. Mutations in GNA11 and\/or additional genes could play a role in any of the anomalies observed in CMTC, concerning skin, capillary and underlying tissue.<\/li>\n
  6. Further research is needed to point out if similar mutations like GNA11 can be associated with CMTC patients and what is needed in future to translate new molecular knowledge into therapeutical purposes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    References<\/h2>\n
      \n
    1. Jordan M. et al. (2019) Reverse phenotyping in pati\u00ebnts with skin capillary malformations and mosaic GNAQ or GNA11 mutations defines a clinical spectrum with genotype-phenotype correlation.
      \nLetter to the editor in Journal of Investigative Dermatology.<\/li>\n
    2. https:\/\/www.cmtc.nl\/patient-trajecten-vasculaire-malformaties-capillaire-malformatie\/<\/a>
      \naccessed in nov2020<\/li>\n
    3. https:\/\/rarediseases.org\/rare-diseases\/cutis-marmorata-telangiectatica-congenita\/<\/a>
      \naccessed in nov2020<\/li>\n
    4. https:\/\/www.orpha.net\/consor\/cgi-bin\/Disease_Search.php?lng=NL&data_id=454&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=cmtc&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&Ziekte(n)\/ziektegroep=Cutis-marmorata-telangiectatica-congenita&title=Cutis%20marmorata%20telangiectatica%20congenita&search=Disease_Search_Simple<\/a>
      \naccessed in nov2020<\/li>\n
    5. Greene AK and Goss JA (2018) Vascular anomalies: from a clinicohistologic to a genetic framework. Plast Reconstr Surg 141(5):709-17.<\/li>\n
    6. https:\/\/www.erfelijkheid.nl\/ziektes\/adams-oliver-syndroom<\/a>
      \naccessed in nov2020<\/li>\n
    7. Laboratory of molecular and cardiovascular physiology, Peking.
      \n      http:\/\/web.pkusz.edu.cn\/ouyang\/sample-page\/<\/a>
      \naccessed in nov2020<\/li>\n
    8. Zhao W et al. (2017) Class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K-) inhibitors for cancer therapy.
      \nActa Pharmaceutica Sinica B 7(1):27-37.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Editor Dr. Marjon ten Hoor-Suykerbuyk<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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